[Microsoft office 2013 word chapter 4 short answer free

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As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear. Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes emerged as categories of reaction to its broader use: 1 “Use it less”: avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex graphics and written prose, or using nothing; [17] 2 “Use it differently”: make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is simpler and pictorial, turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote; [18] and 3 “Use it better”: retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can interfere with communication.

An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be reversed. An influential example of this came from Edward Tufte , an authority on information design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics, and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which have sold nearly 2 million copies as of In , he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in PowerPoint’s convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience.

These costs arise from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence and thought, low spatial resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments, rapid temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP Phluff, branding of slides with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and presenters into marketeers [italics in original].

Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a dramatic example some slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which poorly communicated the engineers’ limited understanding of what had happened.

Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte’s vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses, [] and at a conference held in a decade after Tufte’s booklet appeared one paper claimed that “Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint.

While his approach was not rigorous from a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large It’s like denouncing lectures—before there were awful PowerPoint presentations, there were awful scripted lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks, and so on.

Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was “informal” and “anecdotal”, because empirical research had been limited. A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its style of use.

This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer , a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has published more than publications, including over 30 books.

Instead, we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn. Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low, perhaps only 40 words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages; [] Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the opposite, that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide resulted in “PowerPoint overload” that impeded understanding during presentations.

Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats: [18]. Mayer’s ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs’s presentations: “Mayer outlined fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning. Steve Jobs’s slides adhere to each of Mayer’s principles Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint.

Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs’s keynotes, a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective for “ballroom-style presentations” as often given in conference center ballrooms where a celebrated and practiced speaker addresses a large passive audience, but less appropriate for “conference room-style presentations” which are often recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.

A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but that many small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly associated with Stephen Kosslyn , a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual communication, and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some papers and 14 books.

Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of “human perception, memory, and comprehension” that “appears to capture the major points of agreement among researchers. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid “flaws and failures”: []. Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint slideshows across different fields These studies converge in painting the following picture: PowerPoint presentations are commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain or context; and, although some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not always obvious to an untrained observer The many “flaws and failures” identified were those “likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material.

Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of the instructional effectiveness of PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in different studies that went unobserved because “many may feel that ‘good design’ is intuitively clear.

In Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint. In fact, this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be extraordinarily effective.

For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of communication, which is why they have become standard in so many fields. In , an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint “remains as popular with young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers,” with about four out of five saying that “PowerPoint was a great tool for making presentations,” in part because “PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow.

Also in , the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan School of Management polled their incoming MBA students, finding that “results underscore just how differently this generation communicates as compared with older workers.

Two-thirds report that they present on a daily or weekly basis—so it’s no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to improve. The trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don’t see any sign of that slowing down. Use of PowerPoint by the U. By , ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an important feature of U.

Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape.

Just as word processing made it easier to produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals. Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and colonels now can create hundreds of slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire sound effects and images that explode like land mines.

PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. After another 10 years, in and again on its front page the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the military was then “a military tool that has spun out of control”: [].

Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level of near obsession. The amount of time expended on PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of computer-generated charts, graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision-making. Not least, it ties up junior officers The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U.

James N. He spoke without PowerPoint. McMaster , who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar in , followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal threat.

Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it. Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: ” The problem is not in the tool itself, but in the way that people use it—which is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse. The two generals who had been mentioned in as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were both in the news again in , when James N.

Mattis became U. Secretary of Defense, [] and H. McMaster was appointed as U. National Security Advisor. It started off as a joke this software is a symbol of corporate salesmanship, or lack thereof but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that were moving, despite the limitations of the ‘medium. In Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation.

When he presented it in Berkeley, on March 8, , the University of California news service reported: “Byrne also defended its [PowerPoint’s] appeal as more than just a business tool—as a medium for art and theater. Berkeley alumnus Bob Gaskins and Dennis Austin Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for ‘presentational theater,’ with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater.

I was terrified. The expressions “PowerPoint Art” or ” pptArt ” are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist. The wide use of PowerPoint had, by , given rise to ” PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print but not create or edit presentations.

The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3. Beginning with PowerPoint , a feature called “Package for CD” automatically managed all linked video and audio files plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location, [] and also included a copy of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing anything. The latest version that runs on Windows “was created in conjunction with PowerPoint , but it can also be used to view newer presentations created in PowerPoint and PowerPoint All transitions, videos and effects appear and behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint As of May [update] , the last versions of PowerPoint Viewer for all platforms have been retired by Microsoft; they are no longer available for download and no longer receive security updates.

PowerPoint Online. Early versions of PowerPoint, from through versions 1. A stable binary format called a. It was based on the Compound File Binary Format.

The “. Binary filename extensions []. Binary media types []. XML filename extensions []. XML media types []. The standardization process was contentious. PowerPoint version The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft: []. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML-based file format that could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features, content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data.

The second was to specify a file format that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open XML—Transitional, which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data types, and Strict, which does not rely on them.

The PowerPoint. Library of Congress. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Presentation application, part of Microsoft Office. For other uses, see Power point disambiguation. A photo presentation being created and edited in PowerPoint, running on Windows Office Beta Channel List of languages.

PowerPoint for Mac version See also: History of Microsoft Office. See also: Richard E. Mayer and Steve Jobs Keynotes.

See also: Stephen Kosslyn. The Verge. Retrieved October 5, Archived from the original on August 28, Retrieved August 28, Microsoft Docs. App Store. Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 25, Archived from the original on October 8, Retrieved August 25, The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in ISSN Archived from the original on May 24, Company News.

New York Times. CXXXV, no. July 31, October 1, Archived from the original on August 6, Retrieved August 24, Vinland Books. ISBN Archived PDF from the original on June 24, Retrieved August 12, Technical Communication. Archived PDF from the original on August 9, For many years, Microsoft has led the market with its program PowerPoint. Wired UK. Archived from the original on August 15, Retrieved September 6, Additional archives: September 11, April 23, Revision 1.

Archived from the original on June 17, Retrieved September 23, Oxford University Press. Communications of the ACM. S2CID Archived PDF from the original on January 7, Retrieved May 27, Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 22, Retrieved August 22, PowerPoint’s two creators Robert Gaskins was the visionary entrepreneur October 31, Archived from the original on November 2, Retrieved November 2, PowerPoint was not at all in their original plan. Rather than liquidate the firm, management and investors decided to “restart” Forethought Forethought began to develop a software product of its own.

This new effort was the brainchild of Robert Gaskins, an accomplished computer scientist who’d been hired to lead Forethought’s product development. PowerPoint History Documents. Archived PDF from the original on November 6, Retrieved August 21, Computer History Museum, Archive.

Archived from the original PDF on November 12, In October I joined Forethought Retrieved April 22, News, Software. Archived from the original on August 24, Archived from the original on January 23, Retrieved August 23, Windows 1. Interviewed by Geetesh Bajaj. Archived from the original on April 4, We completed PowerPoint so as to ship it on schedule on April Channel9 videos, Microsoft Developer Network.

Jeff Raikes talks A transcript of the relevant section is also available. New York Times New York ed. Archived from the original on June 20, I wrote and presented a proposal to Bill Gates for a new piece of software for the personal computer, specifically to help people create presentations Dobb’s Journal. This way you can keep doing what you love but with that extra bit of privacy you might need.

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Microsoft office 2013 word chapter 4 short answer free. Word help & learning

A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations computation automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs.

These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a “complete” computer that includes the hardware , operating system main software , and peripheral equipment needed and used for “full” operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.

A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and computer-aided design , as well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones.

Computers power the Internet , which links billions of other computers and users. Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century.

The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late s were followed by the silicon -based MOSFET MOS transistor and monolithic integrated circuit IC chip technologies in the late s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the s.

The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace as predicted by Moore’s law , leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries. Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit CPU in the form of a microprocessor , along with some type of computer memory , typically semiconductor memory chips.

The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices include input devices keyboards, mice, joystick , etc.

Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of computer was in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait : “I haue [ sic ] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.

The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. During the latter part of this period women were often hired as computers because they could be paid less than their male counterparts.

The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the s, meaning ‘one who calculates’; this is an “agent noun from compute v. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean ” ‘calculating machine’ of any type is from Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers.

The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi clay spheres, cones, etc. The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented.

In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer , according to Derek J. It was discovered in in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to approximately c.

Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century. Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy.

An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer [9] [10] and gear -wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation.

The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage. The slide rule was invented around — by the English clergyman William Oughtred , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions.

Slide rules with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations, such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft. In the s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll automaton that could write holding a quill pen.

By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically “programmed” to read instructions. In —, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine , which, through a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 that is, 1 BC to AD , keeping track of leap years and varying day length.

The tide-predicting machine invented by the Scottish scientist Sir William Thomson in was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration.

In , Sir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers. Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the ” father of the computer “, [17] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century.

After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations, in he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine , was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom.

For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete. The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts.

Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage’s failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to political and financial difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow.

Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine’s computing unit the mill in He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation.

However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in by James Thomson , the elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson.

The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious. By the s, the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remained in use during the s in some specialized applications such as education slide rule and aircraft control systems.

By , the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well. Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation.

These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer. In , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world’s first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer.

It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating-point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system used in Charles Babbage ‘s earlier design , using a binary system meant that Zuse’s machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.

Zuse’s next computer, the Z4 , became the world’s first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in and delivered to the ETH Zurich. Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange.

Experimental equipment that he built in went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. The German encryption machine, Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women. Colossus was the world’s first electronic digital programmable computer. It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete.

Colossus Mark I contained 1, thermionic valves tubes , but Mark II with 2, valves, was both five times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process. Like the Colossus, a “program” on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later.

Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine.

It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words about 80 bytes. Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18, vacuum tubes, 1, relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal paper, [42] On Computable Numbers.

Microsoft office 2013 word chapter 4 short answer free.Microsoft PowerPoint

 
 
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